Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body metabolizes sugar (glucose), an essential source of energy. In this condition, cells do not respond effectively to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels.
As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, potentially leading to serious health issues if not properly managed. While various treatment options are available, managing type 2 diabetes requires continuous monitoring and lifestyle adjustments to maintain optimal health.
Signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes
Increased thirst and frequent urination
One of the earliest and most noticeable symptoms of Type 2 diabetes is excessive thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). High blood sugar levels cause your kidneys to work harder to filter and absorb excess glucose. When they can’t keep up, the excess glucose is excreted into your urine, pulling fluids from your tissues and leading to dehydration. This cycle results in increased thirst and more trips to the bathroom.
Persistent hunger
Despite eating regularly, people with Type 2 diabetes often experience constant hunger (polyphagia). This happens because the body’s cells aren’t getting enough glucose due to insulin resistance. As a result, the body signals for more food, even when you’ve already eaten.
Fatigue and low energy
Feeling unusually tired or fatigued is a common symptom of Type 2 diabetes. When glucose cannot efficiently enter your cells to provide energy, your body may feel drained and sluggish.
Blurred vision
Elevated blood sugar levels may draw fluid away from the eye’s lenses, disrupting their focusing ability. This can lead to blurred vision, which may come and go. If left untreated, prolonged high blood sugar can cause more serious eye problems, such as diabetic retinopathy.
Slow-healing wounds
Type 2 diabetes can impair your body’s ability to heal cuts, bruises, or infections. High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves, reducing blood flow and slowing the healing process. This also increases the risk of infections, particularly in the feet.
Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
Nerve damage, known as diabetic neuropathy, is a common complication of Type 2 diabetes. It often manifests as tingling, numbness, or a burning sensation in the hands and feet. This symptom usually develops gradually and can become permanent if blood sugar levels are not managed.
Unexplained weight loss
While Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, some people may experience unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy when it can’t use glucose effectively. If you’re losing weight without trying, it could be a sign of diabetes.
Darkened skin patches
A condition called acanthosis nigricans can develop in people with Type 2 diabetes. It causes dark, velvety patches of skin, usually in the folds and creases of the body, such as the neck, armpits, or groin. This is often a sign of insulin resistance.
Frequent infections
Elevated blood sugar can impair the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to combat infections effectively. People with Type 2 diabetes may experience frequent infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), yeast infections, or skin infections.
Mood changes and irritability
Fluctuating blood sugar levels can affect your mood, leading to irritability, anxiety, or even depression. These emotional changes are often overlooked but can be a significant indicator of underlying diabetes.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes in children
While many symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes are shared between adults and children, there are certain signs and behaviors that are particularly relevant or unique to younger individuals. Children with type 2 diabetes may not always be able to articulate their discomfort or recognize that something is wrong, making it essential for parents, caregivers, and educators to be aware of these additional indicators.
Bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis)
One of the most telling signs of Type 2 Diabetes in children is a sudden return to bedwetting, especially if the child had previously outgrown this habit. Frequent urination caused by high blood sugar levels can lead to accidents during the night. This symptom is often overlooked or attributed to other causes, but it can be a key indicator of diabetes in children.
Sweet-smelling breath
Children with Type 2 Diabetes may occasionally have breath that smells sweet or fruity. This is due to the presence of ketones, which are produced when the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose. While this symptom is more commonly associated with Type 1 Diabetes, it can also occur in Type 2 Diabetes if blood sugar levels are extremely high.
Poor school performance
Children with undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes may experience difficulties in school. Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and frequent bathroom breaks can all interfere with their ability to focus and perform academically. If a previously good student suddenly starts struggling, it may be worth considering a medical evaluation.
Increased appetite with no weight gain
While increased appetite is a common symptom of Type 2 Diabetes, children may exhibit this symptom differently. They may eat more than usual but fail to gain weight or even lose weight. This occurs because the body is unable to use glucose effectively and starts breaking down fat and muscle for energy.
Delayed puberty or menstrual irregularities
In older children and adolescents, Type 2 Diabetes can affect hormonal balance, potentially leading to delayed puberty or irregular menstrual cycles in girls. These symptoms are often overlooked but can be important indicators of underlying metabolic issues.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Adolescent girls with Type 2 Diabetes are at a higher risk of developing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by irregular periods, excessive hair growth, and acne. PCOS is closely linked to insulin resistance and can be an early sign of Type 2 Diabetes.
Increased fatigue during physical activities
Children with Type 2 Diabetes may tire more easily during physical activities. This is due to the body’s inability to efficiently convert glucose into energy. Parents and coaches may notice a decline in athletic performance or a reluctance to participate in sports and other physical activities.
Diabetes type 2 symptoms and pregnancy
In a pregnant woman who already has type 2 diabetes, some unique symptoms or complications may arise due to the interaction between pre-existing diabetes and the physiological changes of pregnancy. These can include worsening blood sugar control, as pregnancy hormones can increase insulin resistance, making it harder to manage glucose levels.
Additionally, there may be an increased risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), especially if insulin or other diabetes medications are adjusted during pregnancy.
Some women may also experience excessive fetal growth (macrosomia), which can lead to discomfort, such as severe back pain or difficulty breathing, due to the baby’s larger size.
Another unique concern is the heightened risk of preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood pressure and potential organ damage, which is more common in women with pre-existing diabetes. Regular monitoring and close medical care are essential to manage these risks and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
When to see a doctor?
If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications such as heart disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage.
Sources:
- https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes
- https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes-symptoms-treatments
- https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193
- https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-2-diabetes
- https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes/
- https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes
- https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes
